Aberbargoed

Abercarn

Abertridwr, Caerphilly

Abertysswg

Argoed

Bargoed

Bedwas

Bedwellty

Blackwood

Blaen-carno

Bont Pren

Britannia

Brithdir

Bryn

Bryncenydd

Bute Town

Caerphilly

Caledfryn

Castle Park

Cefn Fforest

Cefn Hengoed

Cefn Mably

Chapel of Ease

Churchill Park

Croespenmaen

Crosskeys

Crumlin

Cwmbargoed

Cwmcarn

Cwmfelinfach

Cwmgelli

Cwmnantygwynt

Cwmsyfiog

Deri

Draethen

Eglwysilan

Elliotstown

Energleyn

Fernlea

Fleur-de-lis

Fochriw

Gelligaer

Gelligroes

Gellihaf

Gilfach

Gilfach Estate

Glan-y-nant

Graig-y-Rhacca

Groesfaen

Hafodyrynys

Hendredenny

Hengoed

Hollybush

Lansbury Park

Llanbradach

Llanfabon

Llanfach

Llechryd

Llwyn Gwyn

Machen

Maesycwmmer

Manmoel

Markham

Mornington Meadows

Mynyddislwyn

Nelson

New Tredegar

Newbridge

Oakdale

Ochrwyth

Pantside

Pantyresk

Penallta

Pengam

Penllwyn

Penmaen

Penpedairheol, Caerphilly

Pentwyn (near Fochriw)

Pentwyn (near Penyrheol)

Pentwyn (near Trinant)

Pentwynmawr

Penybryn

Penyfan

Penyrheol

Phillipstown, Caerphilly

Pontllanfraith

Pontlottyn

Pontymister

Pontywaun

Princetown

Pwllypant

Rhymney

Rhymney Bridge

Risca

Rudry

Ruperra

Senghenydd

Springfield

Tirphil

Tir-y-berth

Trecenydd

Tredomen

Treowen

Trethomas

Trinant

Troedrhiwfwch

Ty Sign

Van, Caerphilly

Waterloo

Watford, Caerphilly

Wattsville

Wernddu

West End

Woodfieldside

Wyllie

Ynysddu

Ystrad Mynach

Abersychan

Blaenavon

Brynwern

Coed Eva

Croesyceiliog North

Croesyceiliog South

Cwmynyscoy

Fairwater

Greenmeadow

Llantarnam

Llanyrafon North

Llanyrafon South

New Inn

Panteg

Pontnewydd

Pontnewynydd

Pontypool

Snatchwood

St Cadocs/Penygarn

St Dials

Trevethin

Two Locks

Upper Cwmbran

Wainfelin

What is Surveying

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

An alternative definition, per the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), is the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points and/or details.

Furthermore, as alluded to above, a particular type of surveying known as "land surveying" (also per ACSM) is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment of cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence, as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats/maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data.

Surveying has been an essential element in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership.

What is Autocad Drawings

AutoCAD is a CAD (Computer Aided Design) software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. Initially released in late 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD programs to run on personal computers, and notably the IBM PC. Most CAD software at the time ran on graphics terminals connected to mainframe computers or mini-computers.

In earlier releases, AutoCAD used primitive entities — such as lines, polylines, circles, arcs, and text — as the foundation for more complex objects. Since the mid-1990s, AutoCAD has supported custom objects through its C++ API. Modern AutoCAD includes a full set of basic solid modeling and 3D tools, but lacks some of the more advanced capabilities of solid modeling applications[citation needed]. With the release of AutoCAD 2007 came improved 3D modeling functionality. Which meant better navigation when working in 3D. Moreover it became more easy to edit 3D models. The mental ray engine was included in rendering, it was now possible to do quality renderings.

AutoCAD supports a number of application programming interfaces (APIs) for customization and automation. These include AutoLISP, Visual LISP, VBA, .NET and ObjectARX. ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for products extending AutoCAD functionality to specific fields, to create products such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D, or third-party AutoCAD-based applications.

AutoCAD's native file format, DWG, and to a lesser extent, its interchange file format, DXF, have become de facto standards for CAD data interoperability. AutoCAD in recent years has included support for DWF, a format developed and promoted by Autodesk for publishing CAD data. In 2006, Autodesk estimated the number of active DWG files to be in excess of one billion. In the past, Autodesk has estimated the total number of DWG files in existence to be more than three billion.

AutoCAD currently runs exclusively on Microsoft desktop operating systems. Versions for Unix and Macintosh were released in the 1980s and 1990s, but these were later dropped. AutoCAD can run on an emulator or compatibility layer like VMware Workstation or Wine, albeit subject to various performance issues that can often arise when working with 3D objects or large drawings.

Autocad LT

AutoCAD LT is a "scaled down" version of AutoCAD. It costs less (approx. $1200.00 USD versus around $4,000 USD for the full AutoCAD). It is also available for purchase at computer stores, unlike AutoCAD which has to be purchased from an official Autodesk dealer. It was developed so Autodesk could have an entry-level CAD package available to compete in that price class. Today AutoCAD LT is marketed as a CAD package for those who only need 2D functionality. Compared to the full edition of AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT lacks several features. Most notably, it has no 3D modeling capabilities (though it has a full suite of 3D viewing functions for looking at 3D models created in other CAD packages) and does not include any programming interfaces, such as support for most 3rd party programs and does not support LISP programs. A full listing of differences is on the Autodesk website. AutoCAD LT originated by taking the codebase of AutoCAD and commenting out substantial portions, which allowed AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT to be developed simultaneously.

Autocad Student versions

AutoCAD is licensed at a significant discount over commercial retail pricing to qualifying students and teachers, with both a 14 month and perpetual license available. The student version of AutoCAD is functionally identical to the full commercial version, with one exception: DWG files created or edited by a student version have an internal bit-flag set (the "educational flag"). When such a DWG file is printed by any version of AutoCAD (commercial or student), the output will include a plot stamp / banner on all four sides. Objects created in the Student Version cannot be used for commercial use. These Student Version objects can and will 'infect' a commercial version DWG file if imported.

The Autodesk student community provides registered students with free access to different Autodesk applications. While AutoCAD is not available as standalone downloadable application, students have access to some other applications, which include AutoCAD, such as Civil3D or AutoCAD Architecture.

Vertical Programs

Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs, for discipline-specific enhancements. AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Architectural Desktop), for example, permits architectural designers to draw 3D objects such as walls, doors and windows, with more intelligent data associated with them, rather than simple objects such as lines and circles. The data can be programmed to represent specific architectural products sold in the construction industry, or extracted into a data file for pricing, materials estimation, and other values related to the objects represented. Additional tools allow designers to generate standard 2D drawings, such as elevations and sections, from a 3D architectural model. Similarly, Civil Design, Civil Design 3D, and Civil Design Professional allow data-specific objects to be used, allowing standard civil engineering calculations to be made and represented easily. AutoCAD Electrical, AutoCAD Civil 3D, AutoCAD Map 3D, AutoCAD Mechanical, AutoCAD MEP, AutoCAD P&ID and AutoCAD Structural Detailing are other examples of industry-specific CAD applications built on the AutoCAD platform.